Polycopié de cours de Histocytopathological techniques

Abstract

Histopathology is the science that studies disease pathology through morphological changes that can be seen microscopically. The word histopathology was first known to be introduced in a book entitled “On the Nature and Structure Characteristic of Cancer” by Johannes Muller in 1838. Before histopathology, doctors distinguished diseases based on macroscopically visible morphology organ changes (anatomy) in the operating room or during forensic autopsies. However, this expertise requires another diagnosis method to ensure that several differential diagnoses indicate the same anatomical morphological changes. Definitive diagnosis is obtained by taking a small organ tissue sample during surgery (biopsy), which is then viewed microscopically. This diagnosis method is called histopathological diagnosis. For example, a person with hearing loss has received a differential diagnosis of conduction or sensorineural hearing loss. An external macroscopic physical examination for this patient is as necessary as internal imaging. The condition’s pathological cause can be ascertained by additional histopathology biopsies. However, invasive histopathology procedures can be uncomfortable and cause harm. Histopathology for diagnostic or research purposes requires two fundamental things: the microscope as a tool and the development of histopathological techniques. This handout made up of three chapters encompassing several titles and subtitles is intended for master 1 cell biology and pathology students. The first chapter deals with histopathological techniques starting with the organization of the pathological anatomy and cytology laboratory, the identification and control of laboratory risks and finally the stages and different techniques of the histocytopathological study. The second chapter is devoted to the different routine and special coloring techniques while the third chapter deals with the different immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Therefore, this handout is useful for students of cellular pathology as well as practicing biologists and laboratory technicians.